CA1: Marijuana odor upheld for determination of PC, still a federal crime even though state decriminalized possession and use.
United States v. Pavao: What K9 Units Need to Know About Marijuana Detection and Search & Seizure Law Introduction: Why Pavao Matters for Police K9 Search and [...]
CA8: K9 touching car was instinctive and not a violation US v Munoz
United States v. Munoz (8th Cir. 2025) Federal Case – Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals In United States v. Munoz, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals addressed [...]
Michigan Supreme Court: Smell of Marijuana Alone Not Enough for Vehicle Search
Summary and Legal Analysis: People v. Jeffery Scott Armstrong, Michigan Supreme Court (2025) Michigan Supreme Court: Smell of Marijuana Alone Not Enough for Vehicle Search Introduction In [...]
GA: Dog Sniff conducted prior to conclusion of stop and issuing citations.
State v. Dean, 2025 Ga. App. LEXIS 143 (Mar. 19, 2025) K-9 Case Law: State v. [...]
OH5: K9 Sniff did not violate Rodriguez and no violation for handler touching vehicle to redirect dog
K9 Case Law in Ohio: State v. Bond and Its Impact on K9 Searches State v Bond [...]
NC: K9 Alert on vehicle did not justify search of person
State v. Stollings, 2024 N.C. App. LEXIS 1006 (Dec. 17, 2024). "A drug dog alert on defendant’s [...]
CA6: No reasonable suspicion to extend stop for sniff – Rodriguez Violation
United States v. Taylor, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 29055 (6th Cir. Nov. 15, 2024) Case Summary: [...]
WY: Free Air Sniff of publicly accessible vehicle does not require RS – Free Air Sniff
Labbe v. State, 2024 WY 99, 2024 Wyo. LEXIS 101 (Sep. 19, 2024). Wyoming Supreme Court Clarifies [...]
CA8: Alert style not specified by court to be upheld
United States v. Collier, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 22709 (8th Cir. Sep. 6, 2024). "Every dog is [...]